The authors were interested in the functions of music listening, emotions elicited by music listening, and awareness of the music and the surroundings. Although there is a body of research on listening to music while driving (e.g., Brodsky, 2001 Wiesenthal et al., 2003 Bull, 2004 Dibben and Williamson, 2007) or on public transport (e.g., Bull, 2001 Simun, 2009 Lyons et al., 2012), only the study by Heye and Lamont (2010) systematically investigated some aspect of the effects of music while walking. Although the mentioned investigations did not capture their participants listening to music while walking outside, it is known that some people listen to music while walking ( Hoffer, 2014). (2008), who showed a roughly similar distribution of musical listening as in the previous study and in the study by Greasley and Lamont (2011). The variety of locations where people engaged with music was also documented by Juslin et al. Finally, approximately 1% of musical listening occurred in the gym/while exercising. Approximately 18% of musical listening occurred in public spaces, such as restaurants and malls, and on public transport. Listening to music while driving has also become very common. (2004) reported that roughly half of participants' musical experiences occurred within the home. Recent studies using the experience sampling method documented a variety of environments in which people tend to listen to music. The findings described here could be useful in rhythmic stimulation for enhancing or recovering the features of movement performance. Individual differences in responses to the music listened to while walking that were linked to extraversion and neuroticism were also observed. Both motivational music and non-motivational music had a larger effect than the world pop music from Experiment 1. Further, it was found that listening to music with headphones while walking can mask the influence of the surrounding environment to some extent. The fast, energetic music increases the speed of the walking tempo, while slower, relaxing music makes the walking tempo slower. It was found that many subjects did not spontaneously synchronize with the beat of the music at all, and some subjects synchronized only part of the time. Musical beat, as well as the sonic character of the music listened to while walking, influenced walking speed but did not lead to precise synchronization.
In Experiment 2, participants were walking either with motivational music, which had a fast tempo and a strong rhythm, or with non-motivational music, which was slower, nice music, but with no strong implication to movement. In Experiment 1, the participants listened to a musical track consisting of world pop music with a clear beat. In two experiments, we asked participants to walk around an urban route that was 1.8 km in length through various environments in the downtown area of Hradec Králové. Finally, we investigated whether music can mask the effects of visual aspects of the walking route environment, which involve fluctuation of walking speed as a response to particular environmental settings. The effect of motivational and non-motivational music ( Karageorghis et al., 1999) on the walking speed was also studied. First, spontaneous synchronization between the beat of the music and step tempo was explored. The study explored the effect of music on the temporal aspects of walking behavior in a real outdoor urban setting. 2Institute for Psychoacoustics and Electronic Music, Department of Musicology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.1Faculty of Informatics and Management, University of Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.Marek Franěk 1 * Leon van Noorden 2 Lukáš Režný 1
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